16A1-116A1-1

IL for everyone in Asia

PAK, Chano Korea

Jeongnip Center for Rehabilitation & Independence

Independent living is the idea of clearly presenting direction for human

rights and welfare of people with disabilities. Many people with disabilities

in Asia, however, believe that independent living is possible only in countries

with advanced welfare systems, depending on Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)

and aid programs centering on assistance.

As I have slightly different views, I would like to elaborate on them

today. The basic idea of independent living is to live in a community with

self-determination on the basis of human rights. That is, people with

disabilities must be given the same opportunities as people without disabilities

and be able to enjoy their 'ﾄ�life.'ﾄ・ This is very important

and is the idea to be practiced in the field of welfare for people with

disabilities in various countries.

The problem is, however, that people with disabilities themselves deny this

in many Asian countries. They have considered discrimination to be natural and

have given up their rights because they have disabilities. I believe that the

time has come for people with disabilities in Asia to change their mindset and

believe that they should determine welfare services for people with disabilities

on their own during the initial period of their independent living.

　　　Let me shed light on what people with disabilities in South Korea went

trough. Although South Korea's history of independent living by people with

disabilities is rather short compared with other Asian countries, I believe that

the practical quality of their living is similar to that of other Asian

countries. Over the past five years, however, movements by people with

disabilities in South Korea have understood the idea of independent living and

changed their views. Although still in difficult situations, they have been

fighting (launching demonstrations) and reinforcing the functions of self-help

groups in order to create welfare services out of the needs of people with

disabilities. Significantly affecting these changes in ideas was peer

counseling by people with disabilities, rather than research papers by experts.

Peer counseling can help people find their own capabilities and bring social

changes to realization.

Therefore, I make the following proposals. Although Asian countries cannot

start independent living comparable to the level of advanced countries right

away, it is necessary to disseminate the philosophy and ideas of independent

living into the society of people with disabilities through peer counseling.

It will then enable disability pensions, assistance systems and elimination of

barriers. I made friends with many people with disabilities in Asia while I was

receiving the Duskin Leadership Training in Japan one year ago. There are many

countries in Asia where people with disabilities cannot go out due to lack of

wheelchairs, they cannot travel because of numerous barriers in transportation

and no assistance system for people with severe disabilities is available.

Under these circumstances, we established a network to share information

and ideas of independent living. The Asia Pacific Network for Independent

Living (APNIL) aims to popularize the idea of independent living in Asia and

support leadership training to allow members to launch campaigns for people with

disabilities in their own countries. Experience in supporting campaigns for

people with disabilities also abounds internationally. The Transportation

Access Action, which began in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, in 1988 was significantly

affected by people with disabilities in the United States and helped people with

disabilities in Japan to disseminate peer counseling in South Korea. We at

APNIL are working hard to promote the accurate understanding and popularization

of the idea of independent living particularly in Asia. We are also interested

in leadership training to ensure future campaigns. What matters ultimately,

however, is the issue of selection and challenge by people with disabilities in

various countries.

It is our role also in Asia to change our own mindsets before we talk about

our surrounding environments and keep on challenging our situations.

16A1-2

INDEPENDENT LIVING IN LATIN AMERICA

Rosangela Berman-Bieler :BRASIL

Inter-American Institute on Disability (IID)

The translation of "Independent Living" to Spanish or Portuguese, as it is being

used for the Disability Movement, is "Vida Independente", which means an

"independent life". This concept is not well understood in Latin culture. When

referring to the term "Independent Living", Often people believe it means to do

things by oneself, without depending on anybody else. It doesn't mean that the

disability movement in the region do not developed concepts like autonomy,

keeping the control and the decisions in persons with disabilities hands,

equalization of opportunities, advocacy, self representation, etc...

Until the decade of 70's, in Latin America, there were only a very few sports

clubs for people with disabilities and institutions, many of them run by parents

of disabled children. Those parents organized themselves and started to built

their "own educational and rehabilitation system", to get the necessary

attention for their children as the government or the existing institutions

didn't offer useful options at that time.

In Latin America, the disability advocacy movement started in the late 70's with

the first organizations controlled by disabled people themselves. The first

local groups were mobilized to prepare for the United Nations Year of Disabled

Persons, which occurred in 1981. This was a real coalescence for the development

of awareness between people with disabilities as well as the development of new

terminology as "personas con discapacidades" replacing "minusvalidos" (in the

Spanish speaking countries) and "pessoas portadoras de deficiencias" replacing

"deficientes" (in Brazilian Portuguese). New concepts also surfaced like

organizations "of" and "for" people with disabilities, which clearly defined and

separated service providers from organizations for advocacy, and also parents'

organizations from disabled people's organizations.

The concept of Independent Living, as it is understood in the developed

countries was only introduced in the Region, in the late 80's, with the creation

of the first Center for Independent Living, in Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil (CVIRJ, December, 1988). In 1992, the CVIRJ organized the 1st

Iberian American Symposium on Independent living, in Rio de Janeiro, with an

audience of 400 people from 26 different countries. The 2nd Iberian American

Symposium was held in the same city, in 1995, for an audience of 800 people.

Currently, in Brazil, there are around 25 CIL's and a National Federation of

Independent Living Centers.

Besides Brazil, other experiences have been taken place and organizations have

been created under the philosophical approach of the Independent Living

Movement, as it is understood in the north. The IL concept is starting to be

more and more adapted to respond to the particular needs of the communities

being served.

More and more Latin-American organizations initially founded only as advocacy

groups are starting to also provide direct services by people with disabilities

to people with disabilities. These services are generally related to employment,

training, access, education and peer-counseling. Through the Independent Living

Movement in Latin America, disability groups are taking an important role in

their societies both as advocates and service providers, to move the disability

agenda forward.

16A1-3

The Independent Living (IL) Movement in the Asia-Pacific

NAKANISHI, Shoji Japan

Human Care Association

The Independent Living (IL) Movement in the Asia-Pacific was launched when an IL

seminar was held in the Philippines with the cooperation of IL Centers in Japan

ten years ago. This movement flourished in 1998, when an IL seminar was held in

South Korea. From that year, IL seminars were held in South Korea for four

consecutive years, and IL programs and peer counseling programs were held

alternately in South Korea and Japan.

The Japan-South Korea Independent Living Fund was founded in 2000, initiating

support centering on the Japan Council on Independent Living Centers (JIL).

Independent Living Experience Rooms were established in Seoul and Guangzhou, and

the first Pinocchio Independent Living Center was inaugurated. In Thailand, ten

leaders each from three organizations of persons with disabilities assembled in

January 2001 to attend the first full-fledged IL seminar, which lasted for one

week, with the support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

The fostering of caregivers and prospective models for independent living has

begun in Thailand, using rehabilitation funds.

With the Asian and Pacific Development Center on Disability scheduled to be

constructed in 2004 in Bangkok with the support of JICA, the principles of IL,

operational methods of IL centers, IL programs, peer counseling, etc. will be

taught extensively to persons with disabilities in Asia through its two-month

courses.

16A2-1

Human Right of Disabled Women

ORIENT, Kaambwa : Zambia

Zambia Federation of the Disabled

Human rights are universal rights. Disabled women like any other women have got

rights also some examples of these rights are right to marriage, employment,

education, life, bare children, land ownership, decision making etc.

Disabled women should be employed to know these rights so that they can fight

for their rights fully. Access information on human rights is a vital tool for

women to acquire, so government should be requested to support their care by the

disabled people's organization and other organizations with the positive

attitude towards disability.

In my presentation I will give details of the above and other issues that will

help to promote the rights of disabled women.

16A2-2

Disabled Women in African countries in Francophonie

GATOU, Djikine Hatouma :Mari

Union Malienne des Association & Comites des Femmes Handicapees

Most African countries in Francophonie are classified into less-developed

countries in the world. Although these are not favorable conditions for people

with disabilities as a whole, women with disabilities are forced into more grave

situation as they are victims of double discrimination being women as well as

people with disabilities.

Under these conditions, women with disabilities form a social stratum vulnerable

to poverty and illetaracy, and their sanitary, nutritional, physical,

psychological and economic conditions, coupled with customs and cultural

beliefs, force them further to the periphery of society. 　

As mentioned above, in addition to generally disadvantageous conditions, most

African women do not know about their rights, especially those regarding

reproductive health, education and employment. This leads to low school

enrollment rates of girls with disabilities, a large number of unemployed women

with disabilities who are young or adult and low utilization ratios of basic

social health facilities. Low utilization ratios of social health facilities

are further deteriorated by the following :

　－ Means of transportation completely or mostly mismatched to the realities of

people with disabilities

　－ Geographical inaccessibility to social health facilities and equipment

unsuitable for the realities of people with disabilities (examining tables etc.)

　－ Attitudes of social health facility employees toward the pregnancy of people

with disabilities, which often invites lamentation

Although accurate statistical materials on family life are unavailable, there is

a sufficient abundance of signs to believe that women with disabilities have

more difficulty in finding spouses than women without disabilities and men with

disabilities, except for specific cases of mental retardation.

Since women with disabilities live in economically unstable conditions, they

tend to resort to prostitution, making them susceptible to sexually transmitted

diseases, such as AIDS, and sexual violence. They tend to become victims of

every event that can adversely affect health as a whole, particularly

reproductive health, and human rights of women.

16A2-3

HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES

NALULE, Safia :Uganda

Disabled Women Network and Resource Organisation in Uganda (DWNRO)

Introduction:

Although human rights are inherent and God given, throughout the World there

exists universal negative attitudes about disability, which are harmful and

humiliating to disabled men and women. However (Wwds) face an extra burden as

they suffer from double discrimination by virtue of their sex, and their

disability. It is this double discrimination which results in many women and

young Gwds and children of mothers with disabilities being denied their basic

human rights.

National disability and women痴 movements have advocated for the rights of Pwds

and rights of women respectively. However rights of wwds have not been on the

agenda of these movements and organisations like DWNRO, are under resourced.

National constitutions, like those of; Uganda, Canada, Portuguese Republic ,

Federal Republic of Germany ・ have clauses on disability. However, these

clauses take Pwds as a homogenous group, such diversities as sex, type of

disability are not considered. It therefore very difficult for Wwds to be

protected by those clauses.

At the International level, there are no human rights treaties, which apply

solely to Pwds and Wwds in particular. The International Agenda of promoting

pwds坦ights through the work of the Ad-Hoc Committee in NewYork, should consider

Wwds・rights.

CHALLENGES:

Exclusive Legislative process, Innaccessibility, innafordability to and of the

Judicial system. Poor Communication and Lack of or low education.

UN provisions not domesticated in national Legislation. Ratification of Treaties

for public relations and lack of budgets. Gender,culture and the The development

gap between developing and developed countries.

WAY FORWARD:

Global Campaign to educate , policy makers, perpetrators and Wwds and Gwds to

create a critical mass of human rights advocates.

Formation of an international organisation of Wwds with UN Consultative Status,

support to existing organisations of Wwds and representation of Wwds at all

levels of decision making.

The UN and National Governments conditional budgets to implement human rights

programmes of Wwds and Gwds.

The Convention on human rights of Pwds to have sensitive provisions to Wwds and

to be ratified by all Nations. DPI to play a key role in ensuring that,

strategies and budgets are put in place to implement these recommendations.

16A2-4

Disability and gender: the need for critical analyses to inform policy in New

Zealand

GEORGESON, Sara :New Zealand

Disabled Persons Assembly (New Zealand) Inc.

The 1996 New Zealand census showed that 1 in 5 New Zealanders report having at

least one form of disability. It is widely accepted that we live in a society

where dominant structures, knowledges and discourses emphasise the needs and the

achievements of non-disabled people. Therefore it is important to develop

policies that move from seeing the cause of disability as individual pathology,

locating it instead within society and social organisations. The New Zealand

Disability Strategy offers a plan for the New Zealand Government to address the

structural and attitudinal barriers in relation to disability and work towards

achieving an inclusive society.

Disability issues are of great importance to women, as disabled women and also

as caregivers, as mothers, and as women working in the disability sector. In

this paper I will examine four objectives from the Disability Strategy and

highlight issues that need to be addressed to ensure that the needs of disabled

people generally, and specifically those for disabled women are responded to

appropriately.

16A3-1

Current and Potential Use of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the

Field of Disability

DEGENER, Theresia : Germany

In December 2001 the United Nations' General Assembly passed a resolution that

established an Ad Hoc Committee to consider proposals for a comprehensive and

integral international convention to protect and promote the rights and dignity

of persons with disabilities. This resolution is another milestone in the fight

for disabled persons' human rights. Finally the issue of disability is not

merely a social development subject within the UN system but is recognized as a

subject of human rights. Disability organizations like DPI have fought for more

than two decades to achieve this important step within UN law. Now the question

is, what should be the content of such a convention and how

shall it be monitored? In order to answer this question adequately we need to

take a look at how the human rights system has worked so far for disabled

persons. This was the topic of a recent study commissioned by the UN High

Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, which was authored by Gerard Quinn

(Law Professor of Ireland) and me. Our study on "Current and Potential Use of

United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Field of Disability" was

presented in January 2002. An extract of this study will be presented and

discussed at the World Assembly of DPI.

16A3-2

Human Rights and Domestic Law:

On Better Understanding Law and More Effectively Working with Lawyers

FLORIO, Daniel : USA

Lawyer

This presentation will attempt to elicit a discussion of the role of law and

lawyers in disability activism around the world. As a disability rights lawyer

who became a disability activist prior to going to law school, I believe that a

better working relationship between activists and lawyers could lead to the

development of domestic legislation that more effectively promotes the human

rights of people with disabilities.

One goal of the presentation is to explain of how international human rights

instruments get translated into domestic law and eventually into concrete

improvements in the ground-level experiences of people with disabilities. As

part of this discussion, I will show how recognized differences in the legal

cultures and styles of different countries may translate into different

approaches to codifying human rights principles into domestic law. I will also

attempt to demonstrate why vigilance over subtle procedural provisions is

essential to ensure that new laws will effectively offer the protections they

purport to provide. Finally, I hope to suggest methods to assist DPI members in

sharing information on successful and unsuccessful domestic legal strategies and

laws.

A second goal of the presentation is to suggest strategies for developing strong

relationships between activists and local attorneys. While lawyers rarely make

explicit offers of assistance to disability communities, my experience in

talking to lawyers, law professors, and law students from many different parts

of the world suggests that many would enthusiastically offer their services if

they understood the importance of the issues involved.

This summer, I plan to distribute a questionnaire to DPI National Assemblies in

order to gather information on the role of law and legal professionals in the

various activist movements. In broad terms, the questionnaire would ask the

assemblies to provide information on their experiences with and perspectives on

such topics as: 1) the role of international human rights law in their activism;

2) their efforts to reform domestic law; 3) the role of local legal

professionals in strategizing legal reforms and drafting legislative proposals;

4) the role of local legal professionals in so-called "systems advocacy" or

"impact litigation"; 5) the role of legal professionals in representing

individual clients with disabilities before courts or administrative bodies; 6)

perceptions of the level of awareness of disability issues and disability-based

international human rights law by local lawyers; 7) the degree to which local

lawyers provide training on legal issues to disability activists; 8) the methods

attempted by local activists to involve legal professionals in their struggles.

I will present my findings at the workshop and use the information to suggest

strategies for better utilizing local lawyers and domestic law.

16A3-3

International Human Rights Protection

JIMENEZ, RODRIGO :Costa Rica

Federation Costaricense de Personas con Discapacidad

International Human Rights Protection Instruments and its use in the 　

protection of human rights for disabled persons.

Parting from a specific case, the different institutions to which a person with

disabilities can recurr to when his or her human rights have been violated, in

the UN system as well as in the regional system.

16A3-4

HIGASHI,　Toshihiro 　　　Japan

Attorney/Deputy Chairperson of JIL, Japanese Council on Independent Living

Centers

When we compare nation states on the basis of protection of human rights, it is

obvious that there is a marked international disparity of human rights. From

the viewpoint of bridging this international disparity of human rights,

increasing the lowest level and globalizing human rights, the United Nations

plays a major role. U.N. documents, especially conventions regarding human

rights, exist for the purpose of bridging

disparities.

When it comes to using these human rights conventions and how they should be

implemented in each country, there are major problems. First, domestic measures

to implement such conventions differ largely based on whether the human rights

concerned are in the field of rights of civil liberties. Conventions in the

field of social rights simply oblige signatory nations to enact laws designed to

implement the conventions. The degree of implementation depends on the contents

of the legislation. On the other hand, conventions concerning civil liberties

grant rights to individuals of nation states. Therefore, if nation states have

systems of implementing conventions as domestic laws, they have the authority of

enacting laws on their own. Individuals can receive judicial remedy by

resorting directly to courts based on the conventions even if there are no

domestic laws.

Even if human rights conventions theoretically have the authority of enacting

them on their own, however, as is the case with Japan, the conclusion of such

conventions becomes meaningless if courts are reluctant to respect the

conventions. Strategy as to how to get courts to apply such conventions thus

becomes necessary. The International Covenants on Human Rights have

international implementation measures aiming to compensate for domestic

implementation measures. Although the International Covenant on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights also have different means, they have common governmental

reporting systems under which signatory nations regularly report the state of

implementation to the United Nations. Those for rights of freedom also have

individual reporting systems, but Japan has not ratified them.

The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Human Rights

Committee screen and evaluate reports from each country in their respective

fields and also sometimes provide recommendations. With regard to screening,

importance has come to be attached to counterreports by NGOs.

NGOs also serve as a forum for movements aiming to appeal human rights

conditions in individual countries and they urge individual governments to

guarantee human rights. At the meeting of the Committee on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights in August last year, the enactment of a comprehensive

antidiscriminatory law was recommended to the Japanese Government after

referring to views of NGOs.

As mentioned above, human rights conventions provide the stage for nationally

and internationally guaranteeing human rights in respective countries. Strategy

and movements for utilizing them are required. The Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against People with Disabilities,

which has recently been much talked about, also requires in-depth discussions

about ways of stipulating detailed rights from the viewpoint of making effective

means of introducing international-level human rights to individual nations that

have no domestic human rights laws. I would like to leave the utilization of

U.N. documents other than conventions to other symbolists.

16A4-1

Three topics of bio-ethical issues

ASAKA, Yuho :JAPAN

DPI Japan Network of Women with Disabilities

As a disabled woman, I have a number of things to say on the subject of

bio-ethics. The first concerns the business of reproductive medicine. In my

view, this field ranges from infertility treatment and artificial insemination

to experiments on handicapped fetuses and fetal reduction in cases of multiple

pregnancies.

Second is the issue of pre-natal checkups. I ask you: have these examinations

actually made anyone happier as human beings? This technology marches forward in

the complete absence of any justification or confirmation that it has improved

the life of even one person. What few people know is that only a tiny percentage

of all disabilities can be diagnosed through such checkups. Yet so many seem to

suffer from the delusion that pre-natal examinations enable a proper diagnosis

of all handicaps in unborn infants.

The third topic I would like to discuss is the unspoken agreement that people

who are not medical specialists have no right to discuss issues concerning the

disabled. As a direct result of this silent understanding, medicine and science

have taken an increasingly degrading stance towards life itself. Somewhere along

the line society seems to have convinced us that these are issues that can be

discussed only by specialists, when in fact life is something that is terribly

relevant to and important for all of us and each of us.

Above all, it is my wish as a disabled woman that everyone-and not just the

so-called specialists-will consider themselves experts in the field of life and

continue to speak out on bio-ethical issues.

16A4-2

Genetics & discrimination

SIMON, Jean-Luc　　　：France

Groupement Francais des Personnes Handicapees (GFPH)

We people with disabilities depend on public awareness, instead of the will to

choose to die. We clearly reaffirm that the 賭uality of life is more closely

related to its conditions than its style.・

Society accepts the results of our choice. People with disabilities, why

don稚 we clearly state our choice in such a society and accept the results? Our

lives are saved only when we pay the price for dignity and equality.

We DPI members who believe that there is no point in holding discussions

without denying being used as part of tools and having the people concerned and

their representatives present, insist on the following matters:

- Whether we can live pleasant lives with dignity or not depends not on

　　　lifestyles, but on living conditions.

- We should encourage the United Nations to continue activities for the

independent living of people with disabilities as well as for the establishment

of societies that are free of discrimination and abound in diversity.

- We should formally call on the members of the Disabled Persons・International

to involve people with disabilities to participate in discussions about

bioethics.

16A4-3

HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENETIC DISCRIMINATION:

PROTECTNG GENOMICS' PROMISE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

STEIN, MICHAEL :USA

Genomics promises an unparalleled tool for improving public health, but also

threatens unprecedented harm. Scientists most involved in the Human Genome

Project, and politicians most supportive of it, recommend strong legal

protections against genetic discrimination.

Genetic testing can identify asymptomatic individuals who are at risk of

becoming ill or bestowing illness on their progeny. Carrier and prenatal testing

can reduce births of individuals at high risk of compromised health. Predictive

genetic testing can reduce disease incidence where patients who test positive

can take preventative measures to slow or stop disease.

If, however, people identified as genetically flawed may be denied employment,

immigration, insurance, or other social goods, they will evade being tested.

Genetic discrimination thus could obstruct genomics' contribution to public

health improvement while creating a new underclass subject to coercive testing.

Ethicists and legal scholars divide on whether these harms are properly

conceptualized as "discrimination", and whether privacy or instead equal

opportunity is the main good we need to protect. We argue for an equality

approach, but one that goes beyond traditional protections against racism and

sexism by analyzing how equality pertains to diverse kinds of biologically

anomalous people.

Drawing on various nations' attempts to protect against disability

discrimination, we consider how to construct the classification of the group

needing protection. We also propose an innovative interlacing of negative rights

(protection against denial of liberty) and positive rights (entitlement to the

allocation of social goods) and show why such policy is needed to develop

effective protection against genomics' potential to facilitate personal and

social harm. We put to rest fears that preventing discrimination will increase

transactional costs for everyone. Finally, we discuss some problems with current

approaches to protection against disability discrimination and show how these

can be cured with regard to genetic discrimination.

16A4-4

Science and Technology: shaping perception or shaped by perception?　

The case of human genetic technology

WOLBRING, Gregor　　　　：Canada

University of Calgary, Department of Medical Biochemistry

It is said that science and technology is value-neutral. Such claims are false.

The goals for which science and technology are advanced are value-laden,

reflecting the cultural, economic, ethical, spiritual and moral framework of

society. Technology follows social norms.

Science and technology represent the perspectives, purposes, prejudices and

objectives of society, and of powerful social groups within society.

Biotechnology is marketed, as a tool for 素ixing・disability and reducing

suffering. The term disability as used by the promoters of Biotechnology covers

impairments, diseases, illnesses and 租efects・

This presentation will show that

ｷ Biotechnology hardly if at all decreased the

suffering of disabled people

ｷ Biotechnology has led to a decrease in the

birth-rate of disabled people

ｷ Biotechnology has resulted in an increase in

discrimination against disabled people, both living and before birth.

ｷ Biotechnology supports, promotes and needs a

medical model of disability

ｷ Biotechnology has caused an increasing gulf

between disabled people and non disabled people, as the lines drawn around the

疎cceptable・use of biotechnology is based on a distinction between medical use

(elimination of disability) and non-medical use (for example, selecting the

gender of unborn children)

ｷ The debate around the use of biotechnology

also has an impact on the debate of other issues such as euthanasia, the

allocation of healthcare resources, research on people judged incapable of

giving informed consent, infanticide, debates about personhood, mercy killing,

disability adjusted life years, nanotechnology/bionics/cyborgs and the UN

Convention on the human rights of disabled people

16A5-1

'Why is a UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities necessary?'

KIM, Jeong-ok　　Japan

DPI (-Japan )Advocacy Center

Adoption by the United Nations and ratification by the Japanese Government

of a Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities enable signatory

nations and NGOs of the nations concerned (organizations of people with

disabilities, their families, etc.) to make 'government reports' and

counter-reports.

These reports may be critical as 'government reports,' to the (U.N.)

official 'Judging Committee,' which regularly examines the implementation state

of the Convention, in terms of the progress of the situation surrounding the

rights of people with disabilities in Japan in light of provisions of the

Convention. This will also make it possible for the Judging Committee' to

invoke the right of recommendations calling on the Japanese Government to take

specific corrective measures as a result of examination, and the recommendations

will oblige the Japanese Government as the government concerned to respond to

the examination results.

The Basic Law for Disabled People has not clarified the direction 'from

deinstitutionalization to community. It is based on the idea that isolation and

institutionalization will continue to be promoted for people with severe

disabilities whose 'independence is extremely difficult' from the standpoint of

protection, according to the stipulation of 'institutionalization' and

'protection etc. of people with severe disabilities.'

Striving to bring a Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

into realization means that the entire movement of people with disabilities in

Japan will enter into a new phase. The phrase 'from deinstitutionalization to

community' by abolishing all types of discrimination that leads to any

separation from society is the slogan common both at home and abroad. It is

required to convert a variety of activities to enact the convention into a major

step toward the establishment of the Law Prohibiting Discrimination Against

People with Disabilities in Japan.

16A5-2

Convention-What we want in it

MITCHELL,Mary : Jamaica

16A5-3　

UN Convention on the Human Rights of Disabled People

LIGHT, Richard :UK

Disability Awareness in Action

It is almost twenty-years since people within our movement first tried to

persuade the international community that there was a pressing need to better

protect the human rights of disabled people. The preferred route was, and

remains, a United Nations Convention.

On 19 December 2001, during its 88th plenary meeting, the UN General Assembly

adopted Resolution 56/168, which established an Ad Hoc Committee: "to consider

proposals for a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote

and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities, based on the

holistic approach in the work done in the fields of social development, human

rights and non-discrimination".

The Ad-hoc Committee met, in New York, between 29 July and 9 August this year

and DPI were extremely active, both in the work of that Committee and in

promoting grassroots activism when the Committee meeting stalled.

It is my hope that the workshop will:

1. Examine the case for a UN Convention.

2. Review the work undertaken by the Ad-hoc Committee and disabled people's

organisations which contributed to the Committee's work.

3. Discuss the areas that should be protected by a Convention.

4. Invite participants to make concrete proposals to better ensure grassroots

involvement in, and support for, the Convention-making process.

16A6-1

Development-Work with World Bank etc

HEUMANN,Judy : USA

16A6-2

Asian-Pacific Region

Ron Chandran-Dudley, PBM　　　　：Thailand

President, Disabled People痴 Association (DPA)

Founder/1st Chairperson Disabled Peoples・International (DPI)Advisor, DPI Asia

Pacific Regional Council

Disability concerns have never occupied a right of place in the scheme of

National and Global things. They have been relegated to ride on other issues

pertaining to women, the child and poverty.

Disability issues began to come into their own during the UN Declared ・

International Year for Disabled Persons (1981). It was then that the 溺agna

Carta・of people with disability ・典he World Programme of Action Concerning

Disabled Persons・ was drawn up and adopted and the people with disabilities and

their rights began to be recognised.

It wasn稚 until almost a decade later that the World Bank began to take

on-board, disability concerns as one of the vulnerable groups deserving of

鉄ustainable Development・ Then, too, it had to ride on and be linked to

poverty. Disability has yet to come 双f age・

My paper will attempt to show the current role of the World Bank, its strategy

with regard to Sustainable Development and Poverty and vulnerable groups

including Disability, as enunciated by its President, Mr. James D. Wolfensohn,

when he said 溺ore than ever today, a new wind is blowing through the world of

development transforming our potential to make the world of development happen・

at U.N World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002.

In my view, one of the important lessons learnt from the 90痴 as mentioned in

the Report 撤overty Reduction and the World Bank ・Progress and Challenges in

the 1990痴・is that, organisations such as the World Bank fulfill an important

role by furnishing information, analysis and finance and by working in

partnership with others to coordinate international efforts to reduce poverty.

The ice-breaking workshop organised by the Asian Development Bank and DPI and

co-funded by the Government of Finland, in Manila in October 1999, recommended

the following. The responses of the ADB were open and optimistic.

ADB should utilize expertise of organisations of people with disabilities at

the national and operational levels.

Due to the poverty and marginalised status of people with disabilities, they

should be empowered and their voices heard.

Establish consultation mechanism through.

i. Focused

group discussion and at all levels

ii. Welfare

agencies or service providing organisations should not be mistaken for

grassroots based organisations of people with disabilities. The latter should be

invited at the planning level when formulating country strategies on

development.

iii. All

categories of cross-disability organisations should be heard.

People with disabilities and their organisations should be involved in the

monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development projects and their

outcomes; ADB should institutionalise the involvement of people with

disabilities and their organisations.

Good practices of pilot projects and available guidelines should be utilized

and adopted by ADB

The concerns of people with disabilities should be seriously considered and

addressed by the bank.

A mechanism for the integration of non-apparent concerns should be

instituted.

A disability desk should be established at the ADB

ADB痴 Responses

ADB felt that it should not be difficult to enhance the participation of people

with disabilities under its current principles.

The workshop outcomes could be the framework for discussion and possible

implementation by the World Bank and other regional development banks globally.

The sustainable development journey from Rio, Brazil (1992) to Johannesburg,

South Africa (2002), 典he Earth Summit・ was lined with milestones of

unfulfilled resolutions, minor achievements and overall perceived

disappointment.

In Rio, we were asked to 典hink Global and Act Local・ In Johannesburg, the

world is required to consider inviting global businesses (only 12 out of 500

major businesses studied) to invest in social capital and poverty, institute

global democracy and global capital.

There was a call for partnership between business corporations, government,

civil society and national trades unions. These have to be kept constantly

engaged (U.N Secretary General Kofi Annan)

If sustainable development is to be achieved, arguably there must be free-trade

practices between countries including developing ones. There must be the

political will and honest dynamic leadership.

DPI痴 philosophy is based on the principles of the inalienable and fundamental

human rights of the individual. There must be the involvement of people with

disabilities on all matters concerning them. I introduced to DPI in 1983, the

Polish slogan: 哲ic o nas bez nas・(Nothing about us without us). Our voice must

be heard ・膳ox Nostra・・羨 Voice of our Own・

We respect Creation and the Environment. We must be involved in all the aspects

of human endeavor as outlined in the Standard Rules for the Equalisation of

Opportunities Concerning Disabled Persons (1993)

Our pathway is 膳ia Natura・(The Natural Way)

16A6-3

Supports by The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

MIYAHARA, Chie Japan

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is responsible for the

implementation of 典echnical Cooperation・and a part of 敵rant Aid Cooperation・

of Japan's Official Development Aid (ODA). In the field of disabilities-related

concerns, JICA has experienced many types of cooperation. Examples are:

implementation of training projects for rehabilitation experts, building of

rehabilitation hospitals, training of Self Help Organizations (SHO)

personnel from developing countries in Japan, dispatch of Japan Overseas

Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) to propel cooperation at grass-roots level, and

dispatch of Japanese experts to help recipient countries formulate policies

concerning people with disabilities. JICA also cooperates with local NGOs

through 鼎ommunity Empowerment Program・ In addition, JICA has organized

training workshops in the Asia and Pacific region aiming at empowerment of

leaders of Self Help Organizations, in cooperation with Disabled Peoples'

International (DPI).

Although JICA痴 involvements in the field of disabilities has been extensive and

vary, its emphasis has been limited within the indirect support to empower

people with disabilities, rather than empowerment itself. Having considered the

situation, especially shifting our assistance more toward the side of persons

with disabilities, we are now working on formulating 敵uideline of assisting

persons with disabilities・ in order to establish an approach to be employed

in, not only the disabilities-related projects, but also any other development

projects. In addition, 鍍he Asia-Pacific Center for Disabled Persons・started in

July which aims at empowerment of the persons with disabilities and

establishment of a society free from barriers in the Asia and Pacific region.

16A7-1

African Decade-Whose decade is it

MATSEBULA,Sebemzile : S-Africa

16A7-2

African Decade-Whose decade is it

MUKANYA,Margaret : Tanzania

16A7-3

The African Decade of Disabled People: whose programme is it and where are we?

PHIRI, Alexsnder M. :Zimbabwe

Southern Africa Federation of the Disabled(SAFOD)

In this presentation the author will seek to share with Assembly participants

the background to the African Decade of Disabled Persons, its objectives,

activities and expected outcomes.

A lot of work was done to prepare for the launch of the Decade in different

parts of Africa, including convincing governments and other stakeholders to

adopt the Decade concept and programme. What were the constraints encountered?

What level of commitment and understanding do African governments, the donor

community, the United Nations and other development agencies have towards the

African Decade?

Another critical question to be discussed in this presentation is the challenge

of bringing together different disability groups with different priorities and

need into such a huge programme. The development of such practical instruments

or structures as the Decade Steering Committee (DESC) for coordinating work and

uniting disability group under the banner of the African Decade can best be

viewed as a very enriching and empowering process. It is high time that

disability groups (blind, physically disabled, mentally disabled, deaf,

deaf/blind, etc) spoke with one voice in issue of common concern. It is more

often, for example that physically disabled people and blind people spend more

time defending their camps than engage in joint activities which can strengthen

their lobby and advocacy work.

During the African Decade, a lot of work will be done to make deferent

disability groups in Africa, including parents of children with disabilities,

become more accountable and use the richness of their diversity to engage in

joint lobby and advocacy work, that is advocating for disability rights and for

development without discrimination and for mainstreaming disability. Therefore

this presentation will, amongst other things, explore and highlight various

opportunities presented by the African Decade. On only people with disabilities

but for all those state and non state actors who have something to do with

improving the quality of life of people with disabilities.

At continental and sub-regional levels business and/or strategic plans have been

produced to operationalise the African Decade objectives. Some of these plans

will be the subject for discussion in this presenta

16A8-1

Labor & Social Security-Income generation

CAMARA,Tambo : Mauritania

16A8-2

Social Security

VIGNON, Albertine　　：Benin

Association Feminine handicapped in Benin

Labor plays a vital role in human lives. From time immemorial, God said to the

first man that he created, 釘y the sweat of your brow you will eat bread.・ From

that time, labor became hard also for people and was accompanied by risks of

making labor impossible even though we must work to earn incomes to satisfy the

bare necessities for our living, such as caring for our bodies, eating meals and

wearing clothes. Thanks to the advancement of science and technology, a system

was introduced that guaranteed incomes even if people became unable to work due

to impending danger or related danger. This is social security. Social

security is designed for people to manage to maintain living by workers saving

part of their wages for days when they become unable to work. The right of

labor obliges employers to report on the employment of employees and bear their

shares. Such shares borne by employers are determined on the basis of wages

paid to employees, instead of presence or absence of disabilities. Premiums

paid from wages and those paid by employers enable people to maintain their

living even if work-related risk becomes realistic. This also applies to

work-induced diseases and accidents.

16A8-3

Action　of National Council of Disabled Workers

OKUYAMA, Yukihiro Japan

National Council of Disabled Workers

●National Council of Disabled Workers is established in 1981 (the International

Year of the Disabled)

●The objectives of establishment were to increase employment of disabled persons

in local government and to improve working conditions for disabled people who

were already employed.

●The framework of the disabled workers' employment policy in Japan:

　　・The law concerning the acceleration of employment of disabled people (1960)

　　・The legal system of percentage employment: 1.8% of employees of private

companies must be disabled workers and 2.1% of local and national government

employees must be disabled workers.

●Our main demands:

　　・Re-thinking of the legal system of percentage employment (exclusion rate,

excluded employees, double-count)

　　・Making public the names of private companies or governments that have not

reached the required percentage of disabled workers.

　　・Creation of a system whereby disabled workers can receive supplementary wages

when they cannot receive minimum wages.

　　・Making company entrance tests available in Braille, creating complete equity

of employment opportunity.

　　・Establishment of a support policy for disabled workers who work in the public

sector.

　　・Forbidding any form of discrimination in the place of employment and

establishing a system for protection of rights.

　　・Establishment of an employment policy for the intellectually and mentally

disabled.

●Our main tasks:

　　・Organising working disabled people and creating groups and networks.

　　・Ensuring that each individual has working tools that are appropriate to

him/her and overhauling and promoting a barrier free work environment.

　　・Back to work programs for the temporarily disabled.

　　・Networking with groups of disabled people in outer regions.

　　・Studying about policies which concern the disabled, other than employment and

reflecting union opinions.

16A9-1

Coalition-building for Social Justice

Jerry White　　　:USA

Landmine Survivors Network

This paper, presented by Jerry White, Executive Director of Landmine Survivors

Network,draws upon lessons learned from the International Campaign to Ban

Landmines in an effort to identify effective

coalition-building and campaigning strategies to ensure the success of the

effort to draft a treaty on the rights of people with disabilties.

16A9-2

Victims affected by Kleymor Mines

URBINA, Juan Alonso Gaitan :Nicaragua

Organizacion de Revolucionarios Deshabilitados "Ernesto Che Guevara"

Today, there are 3,050 people mine affected in Nicaragua. Presently, the

activity of the Comision Nacional de Desminados [National Commission for Mine

Clearance] in Nicaragua has focused its attention in the destruction of mines:

they have deactivated 80,000 mines. The border is being cleared of mines.

Nonetheless, they have neglected the victims affected by the war in Nicaragua

during the decades of 1980 and 1990.

These people are dying due to the lack of medical attention:

* Many need assistance through prosthesis, wheelchairs and other medical

equipment.

* There is no program to reintegrate them back into the workforce or to train

them.

16A9-3

Inclusion & cooperation-Victims of war, violence & disaster

HOSSEIN,Moushareff : Bangladesh

16A10-1

Freedom of passage: Who can move to go where?

MARTIN, Marie Laure　　:France

Keywords: full citizens, freedom of passage, access to information and

communication, universal accessibility

People with disabilities, who are victims of cruel standards widely spread,

particularly in developed countries, have to fight prejudice against themselves.

This prejudice is the origin of environmental barriers, which disturbs their

expression of full citizenship.

Naturally, full citizens are able to access conditions necessary for all people

to live in communities as well as means of expressing their will. No matter

what the means of transportation and communication are, all people should be

able to go anywhere they want to.

Standards for universal accessibility apply from the design phase to ensure that

safe access to facilities, assets, places and services will be provided. As

they concern all people and industries, universal accessibility must be

guaranteed. The real project in a society is the one with directionality like

this.

Does mobility simply indicate moving around? Does it also include relations,

culture and occupational goals pursued?

Environmental barriers can be overcome by remote control, sound control, home

automation or people痴 assistance. It is necessary to optimize access to labor

quality, exchanges and information for all people by replacing moving, which is

accompanied by many limitations, by communication via telephone, fax, Internet

and telephone conference.

Universal accessibility must be guaranteed for all new buildings in a society to

bid farewell to the era in which inability, in appropriateness and prejudice

prevail. Universal accessibility, which refers to the standard that will be

authorized by us because we people with disabilities will participate in its

formulation, is based on the respect for all kinds of differences to bring out

the expression of all capabilities.

16A10-2

Information & Communication

Nobuyuki Kurosaki :Japan

Japanese Federation of the Deaf

1. Transition of the situation of persons with hearing disabilities,

especially the Deaf.

l Conventional beliefs related to persons with disabilities ・Groundless

discrimination.

l National policies discriminating persons with disabilities ・Policy

placing priority on the wealth and military strength of the country.

l Development of education for persons with disabilities.

2. Communication of persons with hearing disabilities

l Development of a visual language in place of spoken language

l Sign Language, lip-reading, writing (exchanging notes), note-taking

(using personal computers)

3. Guarantee access to information (receiving information, sending out

information)

l Barrier-free society for persons with hearing disabilities

l Guaranteeing the provision of audio information in visual form

l Sign Language interpreter system, Sign Language study groups

(Circles), dissemination of Sign Language

l Closed-captioning and Sign Language interpretation on television

programs

16A10-3

the Americans with Disabilities Act　and Access

WINTER, Michael A. :USA

Director of Civil Rights for the Federal Transit Administration

This session will discuss the history of the ADA, its・12 year progression since

implementation, and other disability related roles. In addition, we will

explore the vision of mobility for people with disabilities and the aging

population. This session will include information on the ADA, Fixed Route

Service, and Paratransit Service; President Bush痴 New Freedom Initiative; and

the Air Carrier Access Act. Furthermore, we hope to discuss the accessibility

of intermodal facilities, ITS applications to improve accessibility, and a

discussion on mobility versus accessibility. Furthermore, we will provide a

brief update as to the status of the ADAAG revisions as well as an example of

proposed standards for public rights-of-way as developed by the U.S. Access

Board.

16A10-4

Development of Disability Integration Index: Theoretical and Technical Framework

LEE, Ick Seop : Korea

DPI Korea

It is no doubt that there have been growing efforts to minimize the individual

and social costs created by disabilities in all aspects. Also, it can be agreed

that these difficulties have been reduced to a certain degree.

Broad range of individuals and institutions that took part of such improvement

in various ways includes families, numerous professionals, international

institutions, governmental and non governmental organizations and personal and

group associations.Methodologically, there have been a

number of ways to ameliorate disability related problems which include

development of program and policy, establishment of delivery system,

enactment of law, increase of resource and finance, and initiation of advocacy

and social action, to name a few.

Unfortunately, however, we do not know how much improvement such disability

related efforts have resulted in compared to yesterday. We do not know either

how much more progress is required to arrive at the desirable level of

achievement. More specifically, no systematic analysis to quantify the

progress has been developed in the field of disability in spite of the increase

of efforts. We agree that it is so important to recognize that certain nations

are relatively more deprived than others within this region in terms of

resources and institution and that there are much more things to be done. It is

out of the question that the nations in Asian-Pacific region, for example,

should continue to expand the content of programs and services and need to

standardize rules for equal opportunities. However, no one can tell the exact

level of deprivation of certain resources and distance from a desirable society

where no discrimination is found.

As an alternative to measure the progress, this paper suggests development of

disability integration index to be a yardstick that evaluates the level of

integration as the outcome of all our efforts. It attempts to quantify the goal

attainment rather than the size of efforts provided. In other words, it cares

about the realized integration as a goal rather than the devoted efforts as an

input or a process. Input and process, such as budget,

legislation, planning, etc., is prerequisite simply because goal like quality of

life, independent living, satisfaction, integration, etc. can not be reached

without it. It is why so many meetings and seminars including today's symposium

are held to examine what we have done. It is frequently observed that government

or governmental organization is inclined to overemphasize the improvement in

service provision and legislative change without specific presentation of true

achievement of goal. In addition, professionals and policymakers often debate

around the importance and priority of provisions. In real world, however, it is

widely known that programs and policies are frequently implemented in an

inefficient and ineffective manner so that what we have provided does not

automatically guarantee what we ought to achieve. On the other hand, consumer

group, the

disabled in this case, tends to pay more attention to the latter than the

former. Therefore, it seems necessary to balance the two ways-review of process

and outcome measurement. All our efforts are justified only when they are

relevant to attaining goal, otherwise it may be required to modify

the direction.

The purpose of this paper is to measure the outcome, the state of integration,

by indicating the extent to which persons with disabilities are integrated in

the society. Other goals can be proposed to represent the outcome of disability

related efforts. They may include independent living, psychological welbeing,

economic self-sufficiency, and so forth. However, integration can be thought of

as the ultimate state all these indicators are going to achieve and persons with

disabilities and their families wish to secure. This is not to say that the

content of input and process is less

important than the outcome. Rather this is to suggest that evaluation based on

empirical measurement must receive an equal attention and it will help to locate

ourselves.

What we call "disability integration index" may provide or is hoped to provide

numeric presentation regarding the degree of integration of disabled people in a

society. By doing that, it may make it possible to rank each nation's level of

integration on the basis of this index so that the relative deprivation in a

specified nation can be figured out. Such comparison extends the possibilities

to the point where each period of time can be contrasted so that any

international movement could be evaluated in a real term.

Following of this paper is divided into four parts. First, theoretical framework

the concept of integration stems from will be discussed, especially, the idea of

human rights will be presented. Second, integration will be discussed in terms

of diverse definitions and perspectives. Third,

the section will be devoted to the discussion of different types of integration

indices previously developed. And five, key indicators and technical calculation

will be given.

16B1-1

Independent Living in France

BRIEN, Juan Marc　　：France

（With cooperation from: Gis Rudoluo, Catherine Kuserg）

Any democratic society guarantees individual rights concerning dignity and free

choice.

Administrative authorities, public organizations and social partners are

required to fully recognize that it is essential for them to encourage

individuals to participate and that they must ensure that all citizens can share

achievements of socioeconomic development in the society.

The following three issues must be taken into consideration to enable heavily

dependent people to lead safe and independent living at home:

- Housing

- Technical assistance

- Human assistance

Their behavior is affected by the items below.

1. Ideas concerning the training and roles of lifestyle assistants who aim to

minimize demerits

2. Funds to be provided from 妬ndependent living facilities・for the purpose

of providing human / technical assistance and improving housing

3. Definition of the roles of lifestyle assistants in changing the mindsets

from care for people with disabilities to individual human assistance according

to common standards

- In evaluating these roles, doctors can provide advice, but should not

make decisions.

- Family background and marital relationships should not be taken into

account for the calculation of the amount of assistance. It should be

determined based not on the living conditions of recipients, but on the severity

of their disabilities.

4. Accessibility to roads, buildings and sightseeing spots

5. Appropriate and available means of transportation.

In France, the right to compensation was established on January 17, 2002, in Law

No. 2002-73, which was referred to as the Social Modernization Law. Article 53

of this law stipulates the following:

典he state assumes the responsibility to guarantee the right to prevent

disabilities and receive medical examinations and to ensure that minors and

adults with physical, sensory and intellectual disabilities will enjoy the basic

rights granted to all citizens, especially the rights to enjoy care, education,

vocational education and training, employment, guarantee of funds for reasonably

subsistent lives, social participation, freedom of movement and passage, legal

protection, sports, leisure, sightseeing and culture.

People with disabilities have the rights to receive compensation for results

of their disabilities, irrespective of disability cause and nature, age and

lifestyle. They possess the right to enjoy the guarantee of minimum funds that

cover the basic necessities for leading daily lives.・

The introduction of the right to compensate for results of disabilities in the

common law means that the fundamental human rights, which regard the principles

of nondiscrimination, equal opportunities, civic rights and dignity, as human

beings, as the universal coordinate axes, irrespective of disabilities, were

incorporated into legal systems and further into the social realities. This

vividly describes the fact that people with disabilities had been forced into

the 哲o Man痴 Land・until the beginning of this century, and can also be

referred to as a conceptual revolution.

16B1-2

In pursuit of the conversion from protection and rehabilitation to independence

and rights

ONOUE, Koji JAPAN

Independent Living Center NAVI

Policies for disabled people in Japan were carried out with "protection and

rehabilitation" as the guiding principles for a long period of time. Starting

in the 1970s, the self-advocacy movement to establish independent living and

human rights for disabled people was also born and developed in Japan.

Furthermore, Centers for Independent Living, whose foundation dates back to the

1980s, have developed to number 104 right now. Disabled people have played a

major and active role in social changes. As a result, the security of 24-hour

care and the improvement of access to transportation and buildings have come to

be promoted in areas where campaigns for independent living prospered.

In terms of legal systems, however, little progress has been made, eg.,

finally in the 1990s, the objectives of laws related to disabled people (Basic

Law on People with Disabilities, Law for the Welfare of Physically Disabled

Persons, etc.) were revised to "independence and social participation." In

addition, the right to receive service is not covered by the new monetary

support system to be introduced in FY 2003.

With the trend of an international convention on the rights of disabled

people acting as a tail wind, movement toward the enactment of the

Anti-Discrimination Law for Disabled Persons has begun among disabled people as

well as lawyers and other people concerned.

Under these circumstances, it is essential to clarify that independent

living is an issue related to the rights of disabled people.

It is also necessary to regard as human rights of disabled persons the

right to self determination, the right to receive services in the most

integrated environment, personal assistance services, which are indispensable as

a right for social participation. I hope that the 6th DPI World Assembly will

serve as a turning point of policy changes based on independence and rights in

Japan.

16B1-3

Independent Living-as a human right

BISTO,Marca : USA

16B2-1

Beijing+5 and After ? Violation of Rights of Women with Disabilities in India

MOHAPATRA, Sruti :India

DPI-INdia

The Beijing Platform for Action recognized that without the active

participation of women and the incorporation of women's perspectives at all

levels of decision-making, the goals of equality, development and peace for

women and men cannot be achieved. This recognition itself grew out of the active

participation of women. However women with disabilities have received relatively

little attention in international law to date. International instruments

prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability or other status, however

there is insufficient analysis from commentators relating to the specific needs

and rights of women living with disabilities or the types of protections that

are afforded under international law.

In India, both on mainstream platform as well as on disability platforms, women

with disability have remained marginalized and occupy the lowest rung in the

social ladder. Specifically the high occurrence of sexual and physical abuse

remains rampant and marriage for disabled women remains a taboo. Forced

sterilization of women who are mentally challenged is happening regularly.

Further, wheelchair ramps and other accessibility features are nonexistent.

Moreover, women with disabilities face discrimination and social displacement in

a number of respects including high unemployment, denial of parental rights,

forced institutionalization, and lack of access to adequate health care.

16B2-2

Sexual Violence against disabled women

PUSCHKE, Martina　　　　　；Germany

Council of Centres for Independent Living (ISL)

Every day disabled women and girls experience violence in many different ways.

Especially structural violence, which disabled women and girls are subjected to,

encourages sexual violence. An Austrian study showed that more than 60% of all

women living in institutions for people with disabilities are survivors of

sexual violence. These are horrible numbers! Nevertheless sexual violence

against disabled women and girls is still a taboo in public and institutions.

Especially in institutions sexual violence only very slowly becomes an issue,

cases are uncovered and become public.

Sexual violence is not only an issue in institutions for people with

disabilities. In many cases the perpetrator is a friend of the family or a

family member. There are many prejudices which encourage sexual violence. One of

them is 添ou will never get a lover!・ If employees of institutions or other

(personal) assistances become perpetrators they tend to feel very safe as they

know how dependent disabled women are on their assistance.

It really is important to make sexual violence a public issue in order to help

women and protect us from sexual violence. These are our demands:

Perpetrators should not be protected. Perpetrators have to be outlawed!

Disabled women have to be empowered!

We need barrier free crisis centers!

Structural violence has to be uncovered!

Disabled women have to have the right to choose their personal assistants!

Legislation should not make a distinction between the rape of disabled or

non-disabled women!

It is very important for us to exchange our ideas on sexual violence against

disabled women. Exchange helps us to learn from each other. United we can fight

against sexual violence of disabled women in our countries!

16B2-3

Disabled Women-Violations

SINYO,Josephine : Kenya

16B2-4

Abuse of women with disabilities

HIRANO, Midori ：Japan

Human Network Kumamoto

The definitions of abuse are roughly categorized into 菟hysical abuse,・

菟sychological abuse,・都exual abuse,・渡eglect (providing no care),・兎conomic

abuse,・etc. There appear to be many cases in which people with disabilities,

regardless of gender, cannot judge whether actions toward them are abuse or care

as is the case of child abuse.

In society, enlightenment through legal corroboration of domestic violence

(DV), child abuse, etc. has rapidly increased anecdotal reports, prompting

government and private institutions to deal with the situation and establish

shelters, support programs and support systems.

In case of abuse of people with disabilities, however, only extreme cases and

accidents have been reported as isolated cases by the media. There is no

nationwide movement toward investigation by the national government, including

the finding of latent cases. Furthermore, human rights protection organizations

aiming to give advice to people with disabilities and support their lawsuits in

some cases have still been left to the private sector without any legal backing,

whether abusers are relatives, employees of institutions, school employees ,

employers or coworkers.

In addition, it is necessary to clarify the position of gender-free ideas in

educational processes for people with disabilities. It is also very important

to be able to say no to abuse by acquiring self-dignity and sexual

self-determination that have nothing to do with severity of disabilities.

16B3-1

Gathering Evidence

ESTEY, Steve :Canada

Council of Canadians with Disabilities

People with disabilities experience extreme violations of human rights. Both

the disability rights movement and other human rights bodies are gathering

evidence on these violations. This workshop will share information on

significant initiatives in this area. One important example is the Disability

Rights Monitor project.

The UN Commission on Human Rights recently adopted resolutions recognizing UN

responsibility for the rights of persons with disabilities. At the invitation

of the Commission, the UN Special Rapporteur on Disability convened an

international seminar in 2000 to examine measures for strengthening the

protection and monitoring of the human rights of persons with disabilities. The

Disability Rights Monitor project emerged directly from the seminar and aims to

establish a human rights monitoring system to address disability discrimination

globally. The Disability Rights Monitor project intends to build capacity within

international human rights organizations and national disability organizations.

There are five focus areas: individual complaints, media, law and policy, legal

cases, and government activities.

Phase One of the Disability Rights Monitor project, currently underway, is an

evaluation of existing resources and organizations involved in the monitoring of

disability rights violations or other related areas of discrimination. The

project is compiling an inventory of international human rights mechanisms,

training materials, and monitoring tools, to assess the resources needed to

effectively monitor disability rights at the international level. Later phases

of the project will develop, field test, and refine the actual instruments that

will be used to report and verify violations of disability rights.

16B3-2

Gathering Evidence

LIGHT, Richard :U.K.

Disability Awareness in Action

Although the disabled community has known that human rights abuses against

disabled people are both frequent and global, there has never before been any

systematic attempt to provide evidence of such abuse. For the past 4-years,

Disability Awareness in Action [DAA], on behalf of the international disabled

community, has been collecting and reporting precisely such evidence.

The results are startling, not least the fact that a minimum of 5,500 disabled

people have died as a result of human rights abuse since 1987.

It is my hope that this workshop will:

1. Examine research statistics on the abuse of disabled people's human rights.

2. Discuss whether the case for treating disability as a human rights issue.

3. Question the extent to which our own community is ready to view disability as

a human rights issue.

4. Examine ways in which DPI, as both an international and grassroots

organisation, can collaborate to better protect the human rights of people

within our own communities.

16B3-3

Human Rights-gathering evidence

MATSEBULA,Sebemzile : S-Africa

16B3-4

What are human rights infringements, discriminations and prejudices?

TSUTIMOTO, Akio　　Japan

Kitakaze-no Kai

1. Typical cases of human rights infringements

Forced donations, embezzlement of pensions and labor exploitation of users by

"Sapporo Ikusei-En," welfare corporation.

Social isolation and neglect as in the case with culprits of the "Asakusa

Incident" and the "Kanayacho Incident"

Human rights violations by foremen as was the case with the "Sun Group Incident"

and the "Mito Package Incident"

Human rights violations for "users of institutions" and "community dwellers"

which occur continuously throughout the country "

● Institutionalization against the will of persons in question

"Government or their families decide institutionalization irrespective of the

will of the person involved."

"Government or their families decide on places of employment irrespective of the

will of the person involved."

"People are not given options as to where and how to live nor how to earn their

living."

"They are not allowed to choose or decide on their own things.""They are forced

to live in institutions."

"They cannot leave institutions even though they say that they want to."

"They cannot receive services necessary to live in a community even if they wish

to."

● Isolation & ignorance

"People are not informed of available services when living in communities."

"Families and the parties concerned for whom legal procedures are difficult are

left uninformed."

"They are deprived of opportunities for social participation."

"There are no persons close to them to solicit advice or support in their daily

lives."

"Collapse of family lives""Financial reverses""Damage from crimes"

● Abuse, exploitation and forced donations

"Domestic abuse""Parent-child double suicide and child murder""Bullying at

school etc."

"People with disabilities living in communities are defrauded out of money by

those approaching them for money."

"Abuse and labor exploitation at institutions and workplaces"

"Pension management of institution users"

"Parents use pensions without knowledge of their disabled child."

"They are defrauded out of pensions in the name of donations."

"In using institutions, they are told to pay donations."

Although objectives of the Law on Mental Health and Welfare for People with

Mental Disorders in Japan include "making efforts to participate in

socioeconomic activities" and "providing opportunities to participate in

activities in social, economic, cultural and various other fields," they are not

given any opportunities to participate in various activities, which is

discrimination.

Even though we claim that we are subject to discrimination, discrimination

continues without penalties due to failing to take corrective actions. It is

not clear how judgments will be made and who will address discrimination.

Current laws are intended not for people with disabilities living in

communities, but for government and institutions.

Establishment of laws clarifying what constitutes "rights" and

"discrimination" is strongly called for!

Do not condone abuse! Do not overlook human rights infringements!

We continue to fight by encouraging our colleagues to ensure that we will be

able to raise our voices against any form of discrimination out of the belief

that we must serve ourselves and our compatriots in circumstances that we have

not even yet encountered.

"People first"

We are human beings before being "people with disabilities"

16B4-1

Bioethics and Disability - A Discussion of a DPI Document

CAPLAN, Helen :U.K.

British Council of Disabled People

The "new genetics" pose many ethical dilemmas for everyone but particularly

disabled people.

Perennial ethical issues impinge upon disabled peoples' lives. Euthanasia has

been decriminalised in several countries - how will this affect disabled people?

So, there is a need for information and knowledge. A group of disabled people

from five European countries set out to produce a document which would explain

some of the complex topics. In future it is hoped that we can implement training

on these subjects. This would be delivered to interested disabled peoples'

groups in both Western and

Eastern Europe initially and could be extended to other areas if funding

allowed. The aim of the training would be to educate and empower disabled people

in fighting for their rights in the face of medical advances which may threaten

their very existence.

16B4-2

One human rights problem

GRIFFO, Giampierro 　　：　Italy

Chairperson of DPI Europe

Human rights of people with disabilities have constantly been violated. Views

based on the 杜edical model・have created discrimination, unequal opportunities,

etc. Medicine is not neutral in the evaluation of people with disabilities and

has justified social rejection and discriminatory treatment. This is indicated

in the history of separating them for social rehabilitation through a

都cientific・approach thus far. Various actions have been taken to perpetuate

prejudice and discrimination in the field of bioethics. New genetic science,

for example, does not improve the quality of life, but contradicts the

possibility of survival of people with disabilities. Discriminatory, scientific

and practical progress is designed to detect characteristics deemed unfavorable

(e.g., induced abortion, qualitative evaluation of life of people with

disabilities, gene therapy and moral choice). Genetic engineering opens the

door for new eugenics, but directly threatens human rights of all people,

especially those of people with disabilities. Differences constitute the

foundation of all kind of natural growth. People with disabilities wish to be

treated as people with differences --- in order to provide the world with

positive perspectives about human differences.

16B4-3

The relationship between pregnancy and menstruation, which I didn稚 know

Chizuko Sasaki

Zenkoku-aoi-shiba-no-kai

I had my first period in July 1963, when I was 15 years old. I had a surgery to

stop my menstruation when I was twenty, after being repeatedly persuaded by my

mother. She never explained the relationship between pregnancy and

menstruation. I suffered severe pain, feeling tired. It was indescribable.

I entered an unfavorable institution, where care-staffs forced boarders to have

surgeries. I really wanted to say, 泥o not listen to what they say. Absolutely

not.・ But I could do nothing but lie in my bed, feeling irritated. I used to

feel nervous whenever I heard care-staffs talking suspiciously.

In the meantime, my fits or aftereffects softened, and I got used to life in the

institution. In those days, whenever I felt depressed, I would spend my time at

the end of a corridor. I often saw a man go past me. We became friends. When

I was in my mid-twenties, I really wanted to have a baby, and I told him how

much I wanted to have a baby. But he was not strong enough to accept my desire,

saying in parting, 的 cannot marry you because I want to have children.・

Someone told me that I should not be fettered by the past, but I still cannot

let bygones be bygones.

16B5-1

Convention-How it should be devised & DPO痴 role

WHITE,Jerry : USA

16B5-2

United Nations comprehensive and integral international convention to protect

and promote the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities

Eiichi Takada :Japan

Japanese Federation of the Deaf

How will the organizations of persons with disabilities take part in the

elaboration of a disability rights convention, and how will our interventions be

included in the draft?

1. The United Nations General Assembly is responsible for the adoption

of the disability rights convention.

2. The process leading to the adoption of the convention.

Commission on Human Rights→Economic and Social Commission→General Assembly

3. Undertakings on the international level

① Based on the conclusions from the deliberations of the UN Ad Hoc

Meeting, the Commission on Human rights will propose a draft for the convention.

② Membership of the first Ad Hoc Meeting.

③ Representation of all the different disability organizations.

④ The contents of the convention should be examined by each disability

sector, and a comprehensive draft covering all sectors should be prepared.

⑤ The drafting of the comprehensive draft will be the responsibility of

IDA (International Disability Alliance).

⑥ United movement by all the disability organizations of the world to

support the comprehensive draft.

⑦ Lobbying relevant United Nations agencies

4. Undertakings on the domestic level

① Establishment of an alliance of all the organizations of disabled

persons in Japan (tentatively named JDA=Japan Disability Alliance)

② The important point is to ensure equality and impartiality among all

members.

③ To consider IDA as the model for JDA.

④ To draw up JDA痴 draft for the convention in collaboration with IDA.

⑤ Seeking understanding and support from the government, parliament, and

local assemblies toward the convention draft.

⑥ Increasing public awareness and support toward the convention.

5. Pending issues

① Procurement of needed funds

② Issues to be solved after the adoption of the convention

③ Ratification and legislation

16B5-3

UN Convention on Disability

MASEMENE, Refiloe Moses :Lesotho

South Africa Federation of Organizations of the Disabled(SAFOD)

UN Convention on disability is the ultimate sage and synthesis of the disability

struggle to attain human rights of men, women, youth and children with

disabilities of the world.

16B5-4

Convention against the Discrimination of Persons with DIsabilities

JIMINEZ,　RODRIGO :Costa Rica

Federation Costaricense de Personas con Discapacidad

　This　session will be basically to explain, from a perspective of the needs of　

developing countries, the Convention and the obligations of DPI with these

specific needs.

16B6-1

Development-Impacts of poverty on disability

ABIDI,Javid : India

16B6-2

THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON DISABILITY IN GHANA

APPIAGYEI, CHARLES :Ghana

GHANA FEDERATION OF THE DISABLED AND GHANA SOCIETY OF THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED

Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of disability. Social safety-nets of

education, health and welfare services have not been secured for persons with

disabilities in many developing countries. Ghana is no exception.

Socio-economic services are inadequate and inefficient, even when they are

available. For the disabled, these are very expensive - in terms of cost and

accessibility (environment, information, communication, etc).

Poverty is endemic in Ghana. A third of the population of about 19 million earn

less than a dollar a day and over 60% live below the poverty line. About 2

million of the people in this HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor) country are disabled

and poverty stricken. Discrmination, absence of legislation, inaction of

authorities (government and traditional rulers) and families have denied them

opportunities reinforcing their poverty, vulnerability and disability.

The "cash and carry" health system in Ghana has led to preventable primary

health conditions graduating to the tertiary. Unemployment, low-level education

and social exclusion (due to public attitudes and accessibility) have made the

disabled people poor, with low self-esteem and unfulfilled aspirations. Begging

by the disabled on the streets is now an 'in-thing' in our cities.

Ghana has developed a Poverty Reduction Strategy according to World Bank and IMF

criteria and the Ghana Federation of the Disabled has made its input into the

document. Ghanaians with disability wait to see if they will actually benefit

from the implementation of this strategy.

16B6-3

Development-Impacts of poverty on disability

NKELI,Jerry

16B6-4

Development-Impacts of poverty on disability

MUKANYA,Margaret

16B7-1

Presentation on the African Decade of People with Disabilities in Francophonie

FALL, Mohammed　　　　　Mali

Chairperson　Pan African Federation of the Disabled

In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which served as the

standards of human rights in the international community, was adopted. Article

1 stipulates: 鄭ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another

in a spirit of brotherhood.・ Article 2 says: 摘veryone is entitled to all the

rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any

kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,

national or social origin, property, birth or other status.・ With these two

articles, all members of the human society should acknowledge that fundamental

human rights must not be violated for any reasons. Today, however, 53 years

after the adoption, the United Nations declared the "International Year of

Disabled Persons" (1981) as well as the 的nternational Decade of Disabled

Persons・(1983-1992), adopted Standard Rules on Equalisation of Opportunities

for Persons with Disabilities (1993) and established the International Day of

Disabled Persons (December 3 every year since 1993). However, our society is

far from a society free of barriers and exclusion. To counter this situation,

leaders from Panafricaine des Personnes Handicapees (PANAPH) and subregional

federations for people with disabilities who learned lessons from the

International Decade of Disabled Persons and the Asian and Pacific Decade of

Disabled Persons proposed at the DPI World Council Meeting, held in Mexico in

December 1998, that the DPI World Council would support the declaration and

implementation of the African Decade of People with Disabilities from 2000 to

2009. They also requested Panafricaine des Personnes Handicapees (PANAPH) to

submit a written request to the aforementioned effect to the Organization of

African Unity (OAU). In January 1999, organizations of people with disabilities

in Africa assembled in Capetown (South Africa) in conjunction with African

seminars under the theme of disabilities, development and cooperation and

adopted a resolution of calling on all African nations to declare the African

Decade of People with Disabilities, which encompasses from December 3, 1999, to

December 3, 2009, on December 3, 1999.

In April 1999, the committee dealing with labor and social problems in the

Organization of African Unity (OAU) adopted a declaration regarding the

establishment of the African Decade of People with Disabilities from 1999 to

2009 in Algeria. This declaration was approved at the 72nd Council of Ministers

and the 36th Assembly of the Heads of States and Governments of the OAU, held in

Lome, Togo, in July 2000.

In December 2000, PANAPH held an extraordinary session of the Executive

Committee, where the action plan for the Decade of People with Disabilities was

formulated and adopted. The document concerned was submitted for approval to

the meeting with enlarged membership held in Lusaka in March 2001.

At a Pan African conference regarding the Decade of People with Disabilities

which the African Rehabilitation Institute (IAR) hosted with the cooperation of

Panafricaine des Personnes Handicapees (PANAPH) and the support of the African

Union, the Continental Action Plan for the African Decade of People with

Disabilities was adopted.

Through this presentation, we analyze expected results from the African Decade

of People with Disabilities in Francophonie, which slightly lags behind in the

field of movement for people with disabilities, as well as measures that can be

taken in Africa in order to ensure the success of the African Decade of People

with Disabilities.

16B7-2

OUTCOME OF THE AFRICAN DECADE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Khalfan H. Khalfan ;Tanzania

DPI Regional Chairperson for Africa

The need for an African Decade of disabled people is the result of their own

initiatives and it has received the support of different international

organisations of and for people with disabilities, as well as the AU and UN and

their specialised agencies.

DPI agreed to support PAFOD in the implementation of the Decade. In January 1999

a Cape Town declaration gave way for lobbying for an African decade of disabled

people.

The United Nations has pledged its full support for the African Decade

initiative. The UN Economic and Social Council encouraged international support

for the African Decade.

The Decade represents an innovative partnership between governments and NGOs to

put disability on the development agenda of Africa.

The African Rehabilitation Institute (ARI), PAFOD and other structures are

working on a range of Decade activities, in close consultation with governments

and other stakeholders.

The African Decade's objectives include:

ﾞ Poverty Reduction among people with disabilities and their families

ﾞ Capacity building among organisations of people with disabilities at all

levels

ﾞ Advocacy and lobbying for policies and legislation

ﾞ Support to women, youth, children and marginalised disabilities

ﾞ Putting disability issues on the social, economic and political agenda of

African governments

PAFOD in collaboration with other continental Disability Organisations has

developed Business plans, which are now being implemented.

African Union (former OAU) has developed and adopted Continental Plan of Action

for the African Decade of Persons with Disabilities.

A lot of consultation and planning is going on at the moment and we hope the

implementation of the decade will be on the full swing by 2003.

16B7-3

African Decade --- Results ---

BALDE, Aissatou　　　：Guinea

Federation ousest Africaine des Associations de Persons Handicapees, FOAPH

In December 1998, regional and sub-regional organizations in Africa united and

stood up to further promote the equalization of people痴 opportunities through

the adoption and implementation of an action plan for the African Decade for the

Disabled.

This effort bore fruit and the African Decade for the Disabled, from 2000 to

2009, was adopted at the 36th Summit of Heads of State and Governments of the

Organization of African Unity (OAU), held in Lome, Togo in July 2000.

Why the African Decade for the Disabled?

What are its objectives?

What strategy is under consideration in the Republic of Guinea in order to

achieve the objectives of this 10-year plan? What specific actions are

available in the field?

16B8-1

Traditional Thai Massage: Vocational Training for Disabled Persons in Thailand

Prayat Punong-ong : Thailand

Thai Association of the Blind (TAB), Northeast Region

Many people with disabilities experience extreme difficulty gaining access to

education, vocational training and employment opportunities. In the fiscal year

1998 - 1999, the Government of Thailand launched a program of Social Investment

for Job Training. This was in response to the economic crisis facing Thailand at

that time. Many factories had closed down, businesses had to lay off part of

their work force. Many unemployed workers left the cities and returned to their

home villages in the Provinces where there were no employment opportunities.

The Government launched the program to provide unemployed people with the

appropriate vocational training so that they could become reemployed. The

Government had secured part of the funds for this project from the Asian

Development Bank.

The Association of the Blind in Thailand realized that a large number of blind

people in these cities had also been affected by the economic crisis. There

were also many blind people in the Provinces who had never had the opportunity

for education or for vocational training. They existed on the charity of the

families and the local community. The Association of the Blind in Thailand took

this opportunity to explore whether part of these Government funds could be used

to help train visually impaired people. After careful study of the Government

policy it was learnt that, in providing part of the funding, the Asian

Development Bank had clearly specified people with disabilities as one of the

target population of the program for local job training.

In my speech I will describe the main features of the project, its achievements,

the key lessons learnt from it, and I will make suggestions as to its

sustainability.

16B8-2

Labor & Social Security-Access to work

DIO,Alpha Boubacar : Guinea

16B8-3

Removing barriers in the legal system which hamper access to work and raising

issues related to the changeover of employment policies

USUI, Kumiko Japan

Osaka Liaison Committee for Independence and Full Participation of Peoplewith

Disabilities

Citizens' Committee on Abolishing Disqualifying Clauses on Disability

In Japan, policies for people with disabilities are formulated based on the

mindsets of either 'employment' or 'welfare employment programs (vocational

training centers, welfare workshops, etc.).' We have also taken it for granted

that many people with disabilities are unemployed or receive low wages.

Barriers in the legal system which hamper access to work include disqualifying

clauses of laws, qualifications of candidacy for examinations, working

regulations, corporate rules, etc.

In regard to employment, the 'employment quota system' has been introduced,

with private companies expected to employ disabled people at the rate of 1.8%

of the total number of employees. Based on the idea that the 'burden' of

employing people with disabilities is to be shared by employers, the system is

established as a target for employers to achieve but contains no regulations

concerning the rights of employees. Employers failing to achieve the target

must pay a fine which is part of the financial sources of the subsidy system.

A contradiction exists when the higher the achievement rate goes, the smaller

the financial source of the system becomes. Contrary to the system in Germany

on which the Japanese system is modeled, the achievement rate goes down as the

size of companies becomes larger and even some national / local public bodies

fail to achieve the rate.

Removal of legal, physical, information and consciousness barriers is

recommended. Laws stipulating what constitutes employment discrimination,

support systems for human resources and establishment of social security, such

as incomes, are necessary. People with disabilities must seek necessary

considerations as rights. Work in the ordinary workplace without being

separated on the basis of presence or absence of disabilities must be available.

Taking the opportunity of discussions over the Law Prohibiting Discrimination

Against People with Disabilities, we should also discuss the possible

repositioning of the 'employment quota system' as the binding target from the

viewpoint of affirmative action.

16B9-1

Unique Faces 3 years activities and our mission:

in order to support for the facial disfigurement

MATSUMOTO, Manabu / ISHII, Masayuki :Japan

Unique Face

We are the Non Profit Organization supporting for the people with disfigurements

in Japan. There are perhaps over 40million people with disfigurement in U.K. and

in Japan we suppose that over 80million people with disfigurement are suffering

from disfigurement.

But the person concerned don't have any support in Japan. Unique Face is

launched in 1999 and started to set regular closed meeting in Tokyo Osaka each

month. And in 2002 we became first Non Profit Organization supporting for the

disfigurement.

Now, we challenge to construct various kinds of support system for

disfigurement. Our model is U.K.'s charity Changing Faces which is prepared tree

type of support(Direct help for the disfigurement, Professional support, and

Social awareness )

We are going to study the CF's system and modify it for Japanese context.

16B9-2

THE PLACE OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITIES

IN THE WIDER DISABILITY MOVEMENT

O辿AGAN, Mary :New Zealand

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry

It is important for people with psychiatric disabilities to join forces with

other disability groups. The wider disability movement is stronger than the

psychiatric user/survivor movement. We have in common the experience of

exclusion and our struggle for inclusion and self-determinaiton. But there are

some differences. People with psychiatric disabilities are frequently subjected

to compulsory treatment and detention. Although we don't have barriers to

physical access we experience many barriers to social access. Discrimination and

social exclusion of people with psychiatric disabilities is probably greater

than it is with other disability groups.

People with psychiatric disabilities have at times felt excluded by the wider

disability movement. Sometimes the different disability groups discriminate

against each other. All the United Nations and World Health Organisation

definitions of disability include psychiatric disability. In recent years the

World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry has been closely involved

with other global disability organisations - in the panel of experts to monitor

the Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities People with

Disabilities, in the International Disability Alliance and currently in the

development of the United Nations convention on the rights of people with

disabilities. This has given us an unprecedented opportunity to influence

developments at the international level.

16B9-3

WHY I FELT THE NEED TO ESTABLISH AN SELF-HARM ORGANIZATION・.

ZAPPEIJ, Lidy :Holland

Because the professionals in care didn稚 understand my self-harm. They neglected

it and sometimes punished me for harming myself by sending me away from the

hospital, or give me stitches without aneastehics, refusal to talk about the

self-harm inspite of the need I had to talk about it.

In other words:・there are many misapprehension and abuses about self-harm

- they are attentionseekers

- masochism

- they don稚 feel pain

- manipulation etc.

People who harm themselves know better. Self-harm is a way of expressing extreme

tension. The pain inside is much greater then the physical pain.

I think that self-harm is about

- preventing to kill yourself at that moment

- to get back control over your life again

- expressing extreme feelings who cannot be expressed in any other way

- a strategy of survival to cope with experiences and feelings that can and

may not be expressed

and much more.

The idea came from England. Louise Pembrook founded a National Self-harm Network

and I happen accidentally to know about it.

And that was the beginning of the dutch group of selfharming people we

established after trying to get the finances and the people who wanted to think

with us over a suitable organizion fitting the Dutch situation.

Aimes were:Mutual support on the basis of 兎mpowerment・ To break through the

taboo. Lectures for the people who work professionally with people who selfharm.

Publicity. Networking. Etc.

It is about 3 years ago that our organization is running. With success, I think,

many people can find us and the groups where people can talk to eachother

without shame or prejudice about self-harm are growing.

16B10-1

TRANSPORTATION FOR ALL

CAVANA, Paulina :Chili

Asociacion Nacional de Personas Discapacitadas(ANDI)

People with disabilities and older people -senior citizens- need transportation

in order to go to work, school, recreational activities, medical services and

other activities of daily life. It is needed that public transportation offers

accessibility not only to blind people and those with low vision, but also to

people with mobility or cognitive problems, as well as to hearing impaired

persons and those with auditory problems. The disabled and older people need the

mobility that buses, trains, taxis, and other transportation means provide.

Mobility for all means advantages for all. Most of the improvements that could

be done regarding this will benefit everybody. If a person with a disability can

reach a bus stop and can easily get into a bus means that it will facilitate the

use of public transportation for others as well.

For example, leveled sidewalks - which will benefit everybody not only when

potholes have to be repaired -, direction signs that can be easily read,

suitable handgrips, bus stops protected from traffic and bad weather (rain),

wide doors, etc., will make everybody's life easier.

Accessibility for everybody does not only mean to get into a bus or train.

Accessibility to transportation greatly benefits attitude changes towards people

with disabilities from the rest of the population. The best efforts to better

accessibility for all can be overshadowed by prejudice towards disabled people.

Governments should create programs to prevent pedestrians from walking onto the

pavement or crossing streets where it is not indicated for pedestrians, since

hundreds of people die or become disabled due to the absence of sidewalks and

well-indicated pedestrian crossings.

If organizations that look after people's rights work together with governments

to defend the right to accessibility to public transportation for people with

disabilities, it will improve with no doubt the quality of life for everybody.

The mission of Architects' associations, organizations for persons with

disabilities and non-governmental organizations in general should require that

when regular people take parking spots assigned for the disabled, they should

get fined by the competent authority. Each country should establish transit

by-laws to fine these situations.

16B10-2

ACCESSIBILITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

MALIC, Marica :Croatia

The Association of Organisations of Disabled People of Croatia

The Republic of Croatia according to the 1991 census had 4,784,265 inhabitants,

with the average population density of 85 inhabitants per km2.

Zagreb is the largest city in the Republic of Croatia and its capital. According

to the number of inhabitants about 10% of them are disabled.

In this paper main measures and activities taken in the recent years in the

improving of accessibility will be shown for public buildings, public areas,

transportation and communications..

Social model of disability accepted in the society from 1993 mean that disabled

people and elderly people are not considered through their disabilities.

Continuosly work on project ACCESSIBLE CROATIA is very important because the

designed environment in the Republic of Croatia created daily problems for

400,000 people. This number excludes children bellow the age of 6, the

population over the age of 60, as well as those who cannot fully use their

environment due to sickness, accident or temporary disability.

Through this project the priorities are designated as well as the three stages

of the barriers elimination: labelling public facilities in 1994 which is

accomplished, changing of the existing legal provisions and publishing of a

"Manual for building accessible environment" and a long term strategy of

elimination of urban barriers through construction work. Main point of wiev is

barrier-free design developed on the basic idea of independent use for everyone.

16B10-3

Pattaya: Towards an Accessible City for Disabled Persons.

MONGKOLSAWADI, Suporntum :Thailand

The Redemptorist Vocational School for the Disabled

Pattaya City is 145 kilometers from Bangkok. The City is one of the worlds

finest tourism destinations. There are long beautiful beaches, areas rich with

fruit and exotic foods, art and cultural shows, cabaret shows and entertainment

to suite all visitors. Pattaya is also a city of sport and music. Visiting

Pattaya is a must do experience for the traveler who wants to experience the

mysteries of the Orient.

The Redemptorist Vocational School for the Disabled, RVSD, is located in Pattaya

City and is one of the most outstanding vocational training schools for disabled

people in Thailand. It痴 training in computer science and electronic repairs is

second to none. We are not only a leader in vocational training, but also we are

a change agent for social awareness for disabled persons.

The top management and most of the staff of the school are disabled persons so

advocacy and social activities are quite strong. We run social activities since

the very first year of the school. In 1989 till 1991 we lobbied the government

for the Rehabilitation Act 1991 then we ran social awareness programs, and

continue to do so, concerning the law. We were a major group who demonstrated

for accessibility to the Skytrain system in Bangkok. We started the first and

biggest website to provide information on disabilities. We work in various

fields with The Association of Physically Handicapped People of Thailand and

Disabled Persons Council of Thailand, DPI-Thailand, and others.

In 1994 ・1997 we organized a world tour wheelchair tennis tournament called

典hailand Open・ The event created worldwide social awareness. Then we

seriously considered making positive changes to our city, with an objective of

it being 100% friendly and accessible to the disabled traveler.

In our campaign we run various activities such as sent our members to

participate in accessibily workshop, organized disabilities simulations, lobbied

with local politicians, did an access survey etc.

Nowaday Pattaya City is more and more accessible for all kind of disabilities.

There are numerous hotels, training and seminar facilities, restaurants,

shopping centers, sports and tourism venues etc,all of which are accessible.

Within the year 2003 most of the walk ways, access to the beach, public toilets

etc will be fully accessible.

It痴 time for tourists with disabilities to come to Pattaya City, Thailand. The

tourists can enjoy scuba driving, elephant trekking, wheelchair tennis

tournament, wheelchair racing in Pattaya marathon, Pattaya carnival, music

festival etc.

More visitors with disabilities visit to Pattaya City more FREEDOM FROM BARRIER

local disabled persons will enjoy. This is our strategy in access promotion.

16B10-4

Struggle for Disability Access in Korea

Park, Kyung Suk :Koria

Disability Access Allied / Noddle Disability Night School

On July 23rd 2001, it was pouring rain. I cannot forget that day.

When the lift in O'ido Station broke and crashed down after less than 6 months

of construction, killing a disabled person in January 22nd 2001, we formed "The

Committee for the Death on O'ido Station Lift" and embarked on a series of

struggle for disability access, one of which was occupying the train at Seoul

Station. During that process, some bureaucratic disability groups that are bound

to the government withdrew from the Committee, taking fault with the method of

our struggle. On the following Disabled People's Day, April 20th 2001, the few

groups that were left came together in voicing the problems of the bus

transportation system and further confirmed our agreement that the social

structural discrimination against the disabled people's public transportation

access must be abolished. It then that the "Disability Access Allied" was

formed.

On that July 23rd, we started an indefinite period of tent demonstration in

front of City Hall and shouted "Down with the Discrimination and Exclusion that

treats the disabled as 'humans only on the outside'!" "Give back the most basic

and universal right to have access!" The pouring rain disappeared without a

trace in the afternoon. That day was the day a proud resistance against

society's demand on us to be 'humans only on the outside' was proclaimed.

But it was not an easy fight. All we had were our will to fight and halves of

bodies.

We are here after the struggle on the streets to put up tents in front of City

Hall, tent demonstration in Seoul Station Plaza, the "Let the Disabled Get on

the Bus" campaigns, the compensation claims, a million people's signature

movement for disability access, fundraising badge sales, demands for a meeting

with the Minister of Health and the Mayor of Seoul, taking over the buses, the

streets, and the Kwang Hwa Mun Cross Roads, rallies around Lee Soon Shin

General's Statue, and the claims against the State Human Rights Committee and

Constitutional Court. The struggle carried on by the heavily disabled people

struck back at the indifference and pity from the society and brought out in

full light the inviolability of disability rights.

The most simple slogan of "Let the Disabled Get on the Bus!" contains the

discrimination against all disabled people. Our struggle is not only in the

interests of the disabled class. Our struggle is also not just a struggle for us

to be able to use the buses. Our struggle is a defiance against the social

vulgarity and insensitivity that despises and stigmatizes people for being

'different.' It is also a struggle to change the capitalist system which rules

the world through 'the free market' and 'the capital order' and to bring forth a

world in which we can live humane lives.

The road so far has not been smooth. We know that the road ahead is not smooth

either. It could be that the road ahead is much farther and rugged. But let's

put our trust in each other and proceed together to achieve full disability

access.

16B10-5

Accessibility laws - Current situation in Japan

KAWAUCHI,　Yoshi 　　　:Japan

Access Project

In the '90s, national and local governments in Japan have started to establish

laws that mentioned accessibility. And some of them are being amended now.

The change in terms of accessibility has started from the local government at

the beginning of the '90s. Now, 46 out of 47 prefectures have already

established the accessibility ordinances. National government has established

"The Law for Promoting Easily Accessible Buildings for the Aged and the

Disabled" (Buildings with Warm Heart Law) in 1994, and "The Law for Promoting

Easily Accessible Public Transportation Infrastructure for the Aged and the

Disabled" (Transportation Barrier Free Law) in 2000.

Buildings with Warm Heart Law was, at the beginning, based on goodwill that

required building owners making efforts to make their buildings accessible. But

it has been amended this year and it requires accessibility on the designated

buildings bigger than designated area. Transportation Barrier Free Law requires

accessibility on the newly constructed or thoroughly remodeled stations

regardless the area of them. Japanese national government finally made its

direction clear toward this issue by those 2 laws.

However, "The Rights of Use" that people with disabilities strongly insisted has

not be mentioned in those laws. So the attitude of Japanese national government

about "The Rights to participate in Society" has not been obvious yet.

17A1-1

Empowerment and the Self Determination Movement

BOYNTON, Joshua P. : USA

LifeShare Inc.

* Discuss the need for a safety net, knowledge of personal rights and support

person's responsibility;

* Discuss the paradigm shift in the role of the support provider from caretaker

to teacher;

* Discuss empowerment as part of a large systems change effort as well as its

relationship to quality in service and support.

The concept of "empowerment", relative to the self-determination movement,

actually speaks to dynamic processes for both the provider and the consumer.

Rather than viewing one's own process of self-empowerment as different from the

process of assisting in the empowerment of another, it is beneficial to see

these as parallel or even dynamically intertwined processes. By embracing the

changes necessary in provider services in the self determination movement as an

opportunity for self growth, providers grasp not only the skills necessary to

shift in their role from care taker to teacher, but they create the potential of

aspiring to higher vision for both themselves and the consumer.

In this seminar participants will:

* Play an integral part of defining the self-determination movement as it

pertains to both consumers and providers, to assure that the movement enhances

the quality of service and support.

* Create a "buy in" for providers in the process of this system change.

* Participate in experimental exercises, which facilitate a perceptional,

cognitive shift in thinking about their role as a provider/support person.

* Develop a working vision of their new role as support provider, which works

within the context of the larger vision for their own lives.

* Actively and empathically transfer self knowledge to knowledge of the consumer

in order to define one's role as teacher or guide in the context of inspiring

consumers to their own higher vision, regardless of their level of limitation

and within the scope of existing facilities.

* Discuss issues of boundaries, rights and responsibilities from a personal

ethic standpoint.

17A1-2

Independent Living in the UK

JAMES, Jacqui C